Published Appellate Court Opinions

In this interlocutory appeal, the court considers the propriety of a bench warrant issued by the Law Division following defendant's failure to appear in person for a pretrial conference, even though he appeared virtually at this conference and nearly all prior court hearings.  A non-citizen of the United States and Mexican national, defendant was deported after he was indicted for third-degree endangering the welfare of a child, N.J.S.A. 2C:24-4(a)(1), and fourth-degree criminal sexual contact, N.J.S.A. 2C:14-3(b).  The motion judge issued the bench warrant, at the State's request, to serve as a detainer should defendant illegally reenter the United States or if the State elected to extradite defendant from Mexico.  The State thereafter acknowledged it was unlikely to extradite defendant on the third- and fourth-degree charges.  The motion judge denied defendant's ensuing motion to vacate the bench warrant and dismiss the indictment.  
 

On appeal, the court affirmed the order denying defendant's motion to dismiss the indictment, but reversed and remanded for the motion judge to vacate the bench warrant and permit defendant to appear remotely at all proceedings, including trial.  The court was persuaded, under the evolving jurisprudence, the judge erroneously denied defendant's reasonable request to appear virtually at an otherwise in-person trial in view of defendant's inability to legally reenter the United States and physically appear in court.  The court concluded defendant's virtual appearance is a reasonable accommodation given the circumstances presented in this case, not only to afford defendant an opportunity to contest the charges, but also to ensure the victim's rights are protected.  
 

In this public bidding dispute, the court is asked to determine if an archeologist, who is a subcontractor on a public works project, must be registered in accordance with the Public Works Contractor Registration Act (PWCR Act), N.J.S.A. 34:11-56.48 to -56.57.  Because the archeologist will not be performing "public work" as defined by the Prevailing Wage Act, N.J.S.A. 34:11-56.25 to -56.47, the court holds that the archeologist was not required to be registered under the PWCR Act.  Accordingly, the court affirms a Law Division order dismissing the challenge of Carbo Constructors Corp., a losing bidder, to the Passaic Valley Water Commission's award of the public contractor to J. Fletcher Creamer & Sons, Inc., the lowest qualified bidder.

The issue presented on this appeal is whether claims of insurance fraud under the Insurance Fraud Prevention Act (the Fraud Act), N.J.S.A. 17:33A-1 to -30, and the New Jersey Anti-Racketeering Act (RICO), N.J.S.A. 2C:41-1 to -6.2, are subject to arbitration under the Automobile Insurance Cost Reduction Act (AICRA), N.J.S.A. 39:6A-1.1 to -35.  The resolution of that issue involves discerning and harmonizing the Legislature's intent in enacting the Fraud Act, RICO, AICRA, and the arbitration system set up under AICRA for the resolution of disputes concerning personal injury protection (PIP) benefits.  The court holds that insurance fraud claims under the Fraud Act and RICO are not subject to PIP arbitration under AICRA.  Accordingly, the court reverses and vacates three orders in this matter that compelled plaintiffs' Fraud Act, RICO, and related declaratory judgment claims to PIP arbitration.  

Defendant appeals from the denial of his motion to suppress evidence seized during the search of his residence pursuant to a "knock and announce" warrant.  The police officers executing the warrant did not activate their body worn cameras (BWCs) until the moment they forcibly breached the door with a battering ram, and therefore, did not electronically record their compliance with the knock-and-announce rule as required by Attorney General directives.  Defendant asks us to create a new rule of law whereby evidence is suppressed when an officer violates an Attorney General directive while executing a knock-and-announce search warrant.  In the alternative, defendant contends the trial court should have drawn an adverse inference against the State and, ultimately, erred in finding that police complied with the knock-and-announce rule based on an officer's testimony that was not supported by a BWC recording.   

 
The court agrees with the motion judge that the failure to comply with an Attorney General directive does not constitute a constitutional violation.  Defendant cites no authority for the proposition that a violation of an Attorney General directive triggers the exclusionary rule when, as in this instance, the directive imposes a procedural requirement that neither the United States nor New Jersey Constitutions impose.  The court declines defendant's invitation to create any such new legal principle.

In reaching that conclusion, the court notes the Legislature did not include a suppression remedy in the statute that now governs police use of BWCs, N.J.S.A. 40A-118.5.  That statute incorporates guidelines or directives promulgated by the Attorney General about when BWCs should be activated.  See N.J.S.A. 40A:14-1-118.5(c)(1).  Instead of requiring suppression, the statute creates a "rebuttable presumption that exculpatory evidence was destroyed or not captured in favor of a defendant" when a law enforcement officer fails to adhere to BWC recording requirements.  N.J.S.A. 40A:14-118.5(q).  

The court holds this rebuttable presumption applies in suppression hearings and not just trials but concludes it does not apply in this case because the BWC statute applies prospectively and did not take effect until after the present search warrant was executed.  The court ultimately concludes there is sufficient credible evidence in the record to support the motion judge's finding that police did in fact knock and announce their identity and intent before using force to execute the search warrant.      

This appeal presents the question of whether a motor vehicle is defectively designed because it does not include the latest driver-assistance technologies even though not mandated by federal or state law.  Plaintiff contends that a 2016 Honda CR-V was defectively designed because it was not equipped with a lane departure warning (LDW) system and a lane keeping assist (LKA) system.  The court holds that the absence of those available driver-assistance systems, in a vehicle that was otherwise safe and fit for driving, did not, as a matter of law, establish that the 2016 Honda CR-V was defectively designed within the meaning of the New Jersey Products Liability Act, N.J.S.A. 2A:58C-1 to -11.  Accordingly, the court affirms the order granting summary judgment to defendant American Honda Motor Co., Inc. (Honda) and dismissing with prejudice plaintiff's product liability and negligence claims.

In this action in lieu of prerogative writs matter, the court holds that the Time of Application (TOA) Rule applies to a Resolution of Approval granted by the City of Hoboken Planning Board to defendant Blue Violets LLC.  Because Blue Violets LLC, an adult micro cannabis retail business, submitted its application to Hoboken's Cannabis Review Board before a newly entered ordinance restricting any cannabis retailer from being located within 600 feet of a primary or secondary school became effective, the court concludes the TOA Rule applies.  Consequently, the court reverses the trial court order, which vacated the Resolution of Approval and reinstates it.
 

The court affirmed the trial court's order finding plaintiff Hoboken for Responsible Cannabis, Inc, has standing as an interested party under the Municipal Land Use Law, N.J.S.A. 40:55D-1 to -163.
 

In adopting the present Criminal Code in 1978, our Legislature delineated the insanity defense to criminal charges as follows:

A person is not criminally responsible for conduct if at the time of such conduct he was laboring under such a defect of reason, from disease of the mind as not to know the nature and quality of the act he was doing, or if he did know it, that he did not know what he was doing was wrong.

[N.J.S.A. 2C:4-1 (emphasis added).]

As expressed in these terms, the insanity statute codifies the common-law "M'Naghten" test dating back to nineteenth-century English law.  The Legislature has not revised this definition of insanity since Title 2C's enactment over fifty years ago.

The primary legal issue in this appeal is whether criminal defendants in New Jersey invoking N.J.S.A. 2C:4-1 are permitted to testify at trial about their own allegedly insane mental state without accompanying expert testimony from a qualified mental health professional.  The court agrees with the trial judge that such lay testimony, untethered to admissible expert opinion substantiating the defendant's "disease of the mind," is inadmissible under our Rules of Evidence and insufficient to advance an insanity defense under N.J.S.A. 2C:4-1.  This conclusion is supported by the history and text of the statute.  It is also consistent with the case law of most states that have addressed the issue under the M'Naghten test.  

Although policy arguments can be made and have been made to revise the criteria of N.J.S.A. 2C:4-1 and replace the traditional M'Naghten test with modern concepts of mental disorders, the Legislature has not done so.  Nor has our Supreme Court invalidated the statute as unconstitutional or construed the law to allow lay testimony to suffice to establish a defendant's insanity. Consequently, this court holds that defendants must have expert opinion testimony to meet their burden of proving the defense of insanity.  The court affirms the trial court's ruling that disallowed defendant in this case from testifying about his alleged insane state of mind without calling such an expert.

Judge Jacobs has filed an opinion concurring in the result in this case, but asserting that the law should permit defendants, in certain exceptional situations, to testify as lay witnesses in support of an insanity defense without corroboration by an expert witness.

Defendant challenges his extended-term sentence as a persistent offender based on Erlinger v. United States, 602 U.S. 821 (2024), decided on June 21, 2024.  The Erlinger majority held that under the Fifth and Sixth Amendments, a jury—not a sentencing judge—must decide whether the defendant's prior convictions had been committed on separate occasions, which is required to impose an enhanced sentence under the federal Armed Career Criminal Act.  It is undisputed that Erlinger abrogates the New Jersey Supreme Court's decision in State v. Pierce, 188 N.J. 155 (2006), which reached a different conclusion with respect to enhanced punishment as a persistent offender under N.J.S.A. 2C:44-3(a).

The State acknowledges that the Erlinger rule applies retroactively to "pipeline" cases pending direct appeal.  The State also concedes that defendant's Fifth and Sixth Amendment rights under Erlinger were violated when the judge, rather than a jury, decided that he was a persistent offender eligible for an extended term of imprisonment.  

The Attorney General nonetheless contends that the violation in this pipeline case was harmless constitutional error because the factual basis for defendant's extended-term eligibility is "overwhelming" and "uncontested."  The court ultimately rejects that argument.  The court notes that while the harmless constitutional error doctrine is mentioned in a one-paragraph concurring opinion and a dissenting opinion, the majority opinion in Erlinger is conspicuously silent on the topic.  The court declines to speculate on why the majority opinion does not address that doctrine. 

Instead, the court focuses on the portion of the majority opinion that explicitly rejected the argument that a jury verdict is not required when the predicate facts for an enhanced sentence are "so "'straightforward'" that sending it to a jury would be pointlessly inefficient."  602 U.S. at 839.  Stated another way, the majority opinion makes clear that overwhelming evidence does not obviate the need to have the decision made by a jury rather than a judge.  The majority in Erlinger also stressed that "[t]here is no efficiency exception to the Fifth and Sixth Amendments."  Id. at 842. 

The court concludes that applying the harmless constitutional error doctrine in these circumstances would eviscerate the Erlinger rule.  The court therefore vacates defendant's persistent-offender extended-term sentence.

The court rejects defendant's contention the plain language of N.J.S.A. 2C:44-3(a) precludes a jury from determining whether defendant is eligible for an extended term of imprisonment as a persistent offender. The court concludes the Legislature would prefer to have it construe the statute to comply with the Erlinger rule rather than allow the enhanced sentence provision to succumb to its constitutional infirmity.  Accordingly, the court remands to the trial court with instructions on how to remedy the constitutional violation. 

The mayor of Paterson, its public safety director, and its police chief sued the Attorney General and related defendants in the Law Division after the Attorney General superseded the entire Paterson Police Department.  The Attorney General, assumed administrative and operational control on March 27, 2023, transferred the police chief to the Division of Criminal Justice in Trenton, and appointed an Officer-in-Charge of the Paterson Police Department.  The Law Division judge consolidated and transferred the matters to the Appellate Division for review of the Attorney General's final administrative decision.  On appeal, plaintiffs argue, among other things, that neither statutes nor relevant case law support the supersession of the entire Paterson Police Department.

The court held that the Attorney General and related defendants did not have authority, either express or implied, to supersede the daily operations of the Paterson Police Department.  The court directed the Attorney General to: reassign the police chief to Paterson; to relinquish control of the day-to-day operation and administration of the police department to plaintiffs; and issue a report to plaintiffs summarizing all actions and expenditures undertaken by defendants on behalf of the department within twenty-one days.  The 2021 supersession of the Paterson Police Department's Internal Affairs Unit was left undisturbed.    

The primary issue in this case concerns the interpretation of the New Jersey Motor Vehicle Warranty Act ("the Lemon Law"), N.J.S.A. 56:12-29 to ‑49.  Among other things, the Lemon Law empowers courts to award consumers who timely report manufacturing defects "specific remedies where the uncorrected defect substantially impairs the use, value, or safety of the new motor vehicle."  N.J.S.A. 56:12-29.

The manufacturing defect in this case involves a crack in a new SUV's front windshield that emerged two days after plaintiff acquired the car.  The crack increased in size as time passed, purportedly hindering the driver's view and creating an alleged safety hazard.  Plaintiff promptly reported the crack, a condition covered by the manufacturer's warranty, to the manufacturer and the dealership that sold him the vehicle.  Despite plaintiff's repeated requests to have the windshield repaired or replaced, ten months passed before the defendant manufacturer did so, after plaintiff filed suit.  In the meantime, plaintiff contends he restricted his use of the SUV, avoiding highways and driving it with trepidation at lower speeds as the crack worsened.  The manufacturer refused to provide him with a loaner vehicle.

While the windshield was in its cracked condition, plaintiff filed suit against the manufacturer in the Law Division.  He sought remedies under the Lemon Law and other statutes.  The trial court granted summary judgment to the manufacturer, principally because by that time the manufacturer had replaced the windshield at no cost to plaintiff.

This court reverses the summary judgment dismissal of plaintiff's Lemon Law claim.  Viewing the facts in a light most favorable to plaintiff, a jury could rationally conclude the crack in the front windshield was a "substantial impairment" that was not replaced in a "reasonable amount of time" and entitled plaintiff to recourse.  In addition, New Jersey's motor vehicle code notably declares that motorists should not drive cars with "unduly fractured" windshields.  N.J.S.A. 39:3-75.  The Lemon Law claim is accordingly reinstated and the matter remanded for a jury trial. 

In the unpublished portion of this opinion, the court addresses plaintiff's other claims, most of which survive summary judgment.

In this appeal, the court addressees an issue of first impression –– whether a school district merged with another school district under N.J.S.A. 18A:8-44 has standing to withdraw from that district to join a newly formed all-purpose regional school district pursuant to N.J.S.A. 18A:13-47.11. 

Oceanport Board of Education and Shore Regional High School District Board of Education appeal from the September 22, 2023 decision of the Commissioner of Education which determined the Borough of Sea Bright had standing to withdraw from their districts and to petition the Commissioner for approval to join the all-purpose Henry Hudson Regional School District pursuant to N.J.S.A. 18A:13-47.11. 

Following the court's review of the record and applicable law, including the legislative history behind the enactment of N.J.S.A. 18A:13-1 to -81, it concluded the Commissioner's decision correctly interpretated N.J.S.A. 18A:13-47.11 because it comported with the statute's plain language and purpose.  The court further concluded N.J.S.A. 18A:13-47.11 was passed as part of a larger statutory scheme following the enactment of N.J.S.A. 40A:65-1 to -35 and N.J.S.A. 18A:8-43 to -51, to provide financial incentives to encourage shared services, financial accountability, and consolidation and regionalization of school districts.  The court affirms the decision of the Commissioner since it was supported by the record and was not arbitrary, capricious, or unreasonable.

         These cases, calendared back-to-back and consolidated for purposes of the court's opinion, present a novel issue:  whether a judge of compensation was conflicted from presiding over a matter involving the application of a statute which the judge previously sponsored as a member of the Legislature.

         The court held that a compensation judge who formerly sponsored a bill enacted into law is not per se disqualified from presiding over cases implicating or interpreting that law.  Rather, the judge must determine whether a reasonable person would doubt the judge's impartiality, given the judge's prior involvement in the legislative proceedings and the issues and facts presented in the case before the judge.

          Here, the court found the compensation judge's decision denying respondent's motion to recuse was not an abuse of discretion.  The court also affirmed the judge's determination that decedent, as a teacher in a public middle school, was an essential employee under N.J.S.A. 34:15-31.11.

Plaintiff has served as the Tax Assessor for defendant Township of Tewksbury for many years.  After a series of disagreements among the parties regarding plaintiff's assessments and her other work duties, Tewksbury attempted to remove plaintiff from her position.

Plaintiff filed a complaint in the Superior Court, alleging that defendants retaliated against her in violation of the Conscientious Employee Protection Act (CEPA), N.J.S.A. 34:19-1 to -14, from 2008 to 2019 for objecting to their attempts to unlawfully influence her assessment determinations and operate a "tax scheme." 

Defendants moved for summary judgment, asserting plaintiff could not establish a CEPA cause of action because she was not an "employee" under the statute entitled to CEPA protection.  The trial court granted the motion, relying on Casamasino v. Jersey City, 304 N.J. Super. 226 (App. Div. 1997), rev'd on other grounds, 158 N.J. 333 (1999), and found that, as a tenured and statutorily protected tax assessor, plaintiff is not an "employee" under CEPA. 

After a careful review, we conclude that Casamasino does not establish a bright line rule that all tax assessors are exempt from CEPA protection.  Despite the unique position a tax assessor holds because of the statutory protection from removal from employment, a court determining the applicability of CEPA should still assess the employment relationship under the framework established in Feldman v. Hunterdon Radiological Assocs., 187 N.J. 228 (2006), and D'Annunzio v. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 192 N.J. 110 (2007). See also Lippman v. Ethicon, Inc., 222 N.J. 362 (2015).  The court vacated the order granting summary judgment and remanded for the consideration of the factors articulated in Feldman and D'Annunzio and a determination whether plaintiff is an employee entitled to CEPA protection.

This court was asked to decide whether the State of New Jersey, Office of the Attorney General (OAG) was required to defend the Monmouth County Prosecutors Office (MCPO) in an action in lieu of prerogative writs filed against it by the former Township of Marlboro Deputy Police Chief.  The MCPO conducted an internal affairs investigation into allegations against the Deputy Chief pursuant to Attorney General Law Enforcement Directive No. 2022-14 (Directive 2022-14) and the OAG's Internal Affairs Policy & Procedures, November 2022 Version (IAPP).  After the MCPO issued a report of its findings, the Deputy Chief entered into an agreement with the Township and resigned, reserving his rights to challenge the MCPO's determinations.

The former Deputy Police Chief's prerogative writs action sought only injunctive relief against the MCPO, including an order prohibiting the MCPO from following the IAPP and Directive.  The OAG denied the MCPO's request for representation and the MCPO appealed.

The issue before the court was whether the OAG's duty to defend pursuant to the New Jersey Tort Claims Act (TCA), N.J.S.A. 59:1-1 to -12-3, arises when the underlying action demands no monetary damages and seeks only injunctive or equitable relief through an action in lieu of prerogative writs. 

In this case, the State's obligation to defend, if any, would stem solely from sections 10A-1 to -3 of the TCA.  Under N.J.S.A. 59:10A-1, the duty to defend state employees is mandatory only for tort actions demanding monetary damages.  The defense of all other actions is discretionary under N.J.S.A. 59:10A-3, as interpreted by the Court in Wright v. State, 169 N.J. Super. 422 (2001), and its progeny.

Since the action in lieu of prerogative writs at issue here sought no monetary damages, the court affirmed the OAG's discretionary decision denying representation to the MCPO. 

At issue is whether the holding in State v. Jackson, 243 N.J. 52 (2020), that the Sixth Amendment requires a defendant be permitted to cross-examine a cooperating codefendant with respect to their maximum sentencing exposure prior to their entry into a plea agreement, should be given full retroactive application.  The court concludes that Jackson does not apply to convictions for which direct appellate review was complete when the opinion in Jackson was issued. As a result, the court affirmed the denial of post-conviction relief to defendant, whose direct appeal of her convictions for three offenses arising out of a mortgage fraud scheme was completed approximately a month before the Supreme Court issued its opinion in Jackson.

The court was asked to consider whether a defendant, serving sequentially several consecutive periods of driver's license suspensions imposed for various convictions including driving while under the influence (DWI) offenses, can be charged with violating N.J.S.A. 2C:40-26(b) for driving during the suspension period for a non-DWI-related offense while awaiting commencement of a court-imposed DWI license suspension.  The court determined because the effective date of defendant's most recent DWI-related conviction was delayed only due to other consecutively imposed accumulated sentences, defendant violated N.J.S.A. 2C:40-26(b) when he operated his vehicle prior to the conclusion of the suspension for his DWI offense.

The court distinguished State v. Perry, 439 N.J. Super. 514 (App. Div. 2015).  It noted the Perry court determined N.J.S.A. 2C:40-26(b) "punishes those who drive while suspended for violations of the DWI . . . law . . . when they drive during the court-imposed period of suspension," and it was not intended to criminalize "driving during a period of administrative suspension" when driving privileges could have been restored but for the defendant's failure to complete the process for administrative restoration.  Id. at 531-32.  

The court observed defendant was not driving during a period of administrative suspension after having completed his court-ordered suspension.  Rather, he had not yet completed his suspension term for the most recent of his four DWIs.  The court concluded it would be illogical for defendant to avoid a conviction for violating N.J.S.A. 2C:40-26(b), in light of defendant's four prior DWIs, merely because the suspension for his latest DWI had not yet commenced because he incurred multiple other intervening license suspensions.

         The court adopted the rationale of State v. Cuccurullo, 228 N.J. Super. 517, 520 (App. Div. 1998), holding in the context of applying the enhanced penalties under N.J.S.A. 39:3-40 for driving while suspended for DWI, that "[a] person is 'under suspension' from the time that the suspension is imposed even though the period of suspension may not begin until later."  Ibid.

In these back-to-back appeals consolidated for the purpose of issuing a single opinion, the court addressed the statutory receiver requirements for discharge under the New Jersey Business Corporations Act (BCA), N.J.S.A. 14A:14-1 to -27, and New Jersey Court Rules 4:53-1 to -9.  Appellants Mori Restaurant, LLC (Mori), and Lucille Lopez and Robert P. Lopez, Jr. (the Lopezes), appealed from a November 17, 2023 Law Division order denying reconsideration of an October 6, 2023 order, which discharged Alan I. Gould, Esq. as the court-appointed statutory receiver. 

Following the court's review of the record and applicable law, it concluded the Law Division improvidently granted Gould's discharge as the statutory receiver because he failed to comply with mandatory provisions of the BCA, including written notice to creditors within thirty days of appointment, and court rules, requiring an accounting and inventory.  The court reversed and remanded for further proceedings consistent with the opinion.  In the unpublished section of this opinion, the court addressed other discrete matters. 

Plaintiffs in the underlying out-of-state litigation served a subpoena on a non-party, New Jersey resident, seeking his deposition pursuant to Rule 4:11-4(b).  The trial court denied the witness's motion to quash the subpoena and for a protective order.  On appeal, the witness argued the trial court had misapplied the law regarding discovery of non-party witnesses and had failed to recognize that the subpoena was harassing and sought duplicative, irrelevant, and confidential information. 

The court affirmed the order. Acknowledging a court must consider certain factors when addressing a discovery dispute involving a non-party witness, the court held the trial court had not abused its discretion or misapplied the law when it concluded the non-party witness could not avoid being deposed by claiming a lack of relevancy or relying on unsupported, blanket assertions of harassment and confidentiality.   

Defendant R.B. appeals the Family Part order terminating his parental rights to his then seven-year-old son H.N.B.  The parental rights of HNB's mother, A.M.W., were terminated by default, which she does not appeal.

R.B. contends the trial judge improperly advocated for the Division when questioning him and a DCPP caseworker, and by objecting to questions posed by his counsel.  R.B. argues the trial judge denied him due process by taking judicial notice of factual findings the judge made in a prior guardianship trial two years earlier.  The judge had rejected the Division of Child Protection and Permanency's (Division) parental termination plan because there was no permanent placement for H.N.B.  In addition, R.B. contends the Division failed to prove the four prongs of the best interests of the child test necessary to terminate his parental rights.  

The court concludes R.B.'s due process rights were violated because the trial judge failed to impartially conduct the trial by interfering with the presentation of evidence and relied upon his recollection of his findings from the prior guardianship trial.  The court further concludes R.B.'s due process rights were violated when the judge granted the Division's request to take judicial notice of factual findings made at the prior guardianship trial over his and the Law Guardian's objections because neither defense counsel nor the Law Guardian had represented their respective clients at the prior guardianship trial.   The court thus reverses the order terminating R.B.'s parental rights and remands for a new guardianship trial.  Consequently, the court does not address R.B.'s best interests arguments.
 

In this matter, the court considered whether an employee in the Public Employees' Retirement System (PERS) who submits an application for retirement benefits and thereafter, prior to the effective retirement date, begins the process to attain a nomination for a Superior Court judgeship, has violated N.J.A.C. 17:1-17.14(a)(2), which requires a person collecting PERS retirement benefits to complete 180 days severance from their employment prior to any further public employment in New Jersey. Specifically, under the regulation, if the retiree has a "pre-arranged agreement for reemployment" prior to their effective retirement date, the retiree has not satisfied the severance of employment requirement.  N.J.A.C. 17:1-17.14(a)(2)(v).

Appellant was nominated by the governor for a Superior Court judgeship and confirmed by the Senate in the weeks after her retirement date. Prior to taking the judicial oath, the Division of Pensions and Benefits (Division) advised appellant there was no complete termination of the employment relationship because of the "pre-planning that occurred prior to [her] December 1, 2021 retirement and during the 180 days after [her] retirement."  The PERS Board (Board) affirmed the decision.

After a careful review, the court determined that the Board mistakenly applied the regulation to these specific circumstances.  The regulation prohibits a "pre-arranged agreement," not "pre-planning" that may occur prior to a retirement date.  The nature of the judicial selection process precludes any ability to make an "arrangement" for the position as an individual seeking a judgeship has no control over the process.  There also was no "agreement" that appellant would be offered the judgeship until, at the earliest, the date the Senate confirmed the nomination, which did not occur until after her retirement date. 

To date, appellant has not taken the judicial oath, and considerably more than 180 days have passed since she terminated her prior employment.  Therefore, the court found appellant did not violate N.J.A.C. 17:1-17.14(a)(2). Appellant is entitled to accept the judgeship by taking the judicial oath of office without foregoing her PERS pension and benefits.  The court reverses the Board's final administrative decision.