In this criminal appeal, defendant principally contends the trial judge should not have admitted opinion testimony from a police officer and a civilian eyewitness estimating the range of heights and ages of children they had observed near defendant in a public park. The witnesses saw the group of children, accompanied by several adults, playing on equipment in a playground. The State relied on their testimony to prove that one or more of the children was under the age of thirteen, a statutory grading element of the charged offenses of lewdness and sexual assault by contact.
The trial court rejected defendant’s contention that the opinion testimony was too speculative to be considered by the jury. On appeal, defendant reiterates this argument, contending as a general proposition that witnesses commonly misjudge the ages and heights of other persons.
For the reasons that follow, we affirm the court’s evidentiary ruling. In the circumstances presented, the two witnesses had an adequate opportunity to view the physical characteristics and activities of the group of children to enable them to provide lay opinions under N.J.R.E. 701 about the perceived ranges of the children’s heights and ages.
Although we appreciate the inherent risks of imprecision and mistake when eyewitnesses estimate the heights or ages of other persons, such lay opinions nonetheless may be admissible under Rule 701 and helpful to the trier of fact, subject of course to cross-examination and other forms of impeachment.
In evaluating the admissibility of such evidence, a court should consider a variety of factors, such as (1) distance, (2) length of time of the observation, (3) any observed activity of the person, (4) physical comparisons with the height or size of nearby objects or other persons, (5) whether the eyewitness attests to a range rather than a specific height or age, (6) whether the observed individual has a comparatively similar age or height as the witness, (7) whether there is corroborating proof, and (8) the totality of circumstances. In appropriate cases, the court may exclude or limit the opinion testimony in its discretion under N.J.R.E. 403 and, if warranted, provide jurors with a limiting or cautionary instruction.
Because it is contrary to the Supreme Court’s evidence rules and case law governing lay opinion, we decline to apply the 1916 categorical pronouncement of the Court of Errors and Appeals that age “is not within the category of things . . . which . . . can be proved by opinion testimony."State v. Koettgen, 89 N.J.L. 678, 683 (E. & A. 1916), discussed in Part II, infra. Rather, we apply a contextual, case-by-case analysis of admissibility of such proof consistent with our modern Rules of Evidence and prevailing case law principles.